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Interactive effects of intangible cultural heritage and tourism development: a study based on the data panel PVAR model and coupled coordination model

Interactive effects of intangible cultural heritage and tourism development: a study based on the data panel PVAR model and coupled coordination model

A review of the coupling between intangible cultural heritage studies and tourism development

This section first presents a general analysis of the research on the relationship between intangible cultural heritage research and tourism interactions. This section summarizes that ICH has a central role for cultural tourism and markets [33]. Most scholars consider intangible cultural heritage and tourism development to be closely related fields of study, and there are some common research areas between the two [16, 34, 35]. Most scholars tend to evaluate the degree of coordination between the two through regional spatio-temporal relationships, markets, and policies [33]. Scholars evaluate the two positively in terms of their mutual influence. Some scholars have also used ethnography and fieldwork to examine the two cases [22, 36]. They suggest that tourism development has challenged cultural preservation.

In summary, intangible cultural heritage and tourism development represent a beneficial combination of cultural continuity and adaptation. In recent years, more and more research has focused on developing intangible cultural heritage and promoting cultural tourism simultaneously. It demonstrates that the two can establish a mutually beneficial relationship at the applied level of culture. Intangible cultural heritage is the result of research and the inheritance of local culture, while tourism development involves the dissemination and innovation of culture to open up the industry. Although the development direction of the two is different, when they are integrated into social well-being for a shared purpose, their coordinated development becomes inevitable. In particular, as the study of cultural heritage demands greater public understanding of society and culture, purely scientific applications and research cannot meet the needs of today’s cultural society. Cultural tourism is a core communication method for cultural heritage that can enhance a sense of identity and pride in local culture. It can serve the ultimate purpose of heritage education and cultural awakening. On the other hand, as the tourism industry develops, there is a deeper sense of cultural belonging and an effective enhancement of cultural awareness. Studying regional cultural heritage has emerged as the primary focus of tourism development. In today’s world, the coordinated development of cultural heritage and tourism has become a key way to promote sustainable cultural development. Scholars from all walks of life have discussed the intrinsic relationship between cultural heritage and tourism development from a variety of perspectives, including tourism, culture, art, and the application of science and technology. Meanwhile, it also receives important economic support, modern management systems, and researchers’ reserves. Cultural heritage and tourism can flourish harmoniously through the mutually beneficial development of these two aspects.

Previous studies have covered social, economic, environmental, policy management, and tourism behavior, which has laid the theoretical foundation for this study. However, issues such as homogenizing research perspectives, fixating disciplinary studies, and lacking systematic analysis also surfaced. There is a dearth of empirical data and field research on long-term coordination mechanisms. This limits an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and impacts of the interaction between cultural heritage and cultural tourism.

Clarifying the coupling relationship between intangible cultural heritage and tourism development can help to analyze the role of regional cultural heritage research on the sustainable development of tourism. Yuqing Geng and colleagues employed the entropy and TOPSIS methods, along with the coupled degree of coordination model, to evaluate the spatial relationships among 31 provinces in China. Their findings underscored the importance of strengthening the coordination and interaction between cultural heritage preservation and tourism development [13]. Qihang Qiu and colleagues, meanwhile, used structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to analyze the factors influencing tourist behavior in intangible cultural heritage tourist destinations [20]. To discuss regional spatial relationships, Hongtao Shen added Moran’s index method to the coupled analysis. People have widely accepted the fundamental understanding of the connection between cultural heritage and tourism [12]. However, there is a lack of discourse and reflection on the issue of specific grounded forms due to the limitations of models or data.

How were the results found? Jiacan Wang and his colleagues used Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis and the Geo Detector model for spatial analysis of intangible cultural heritage to show how the Yangtze River Basin in China is spread out in space [14]. Zegeng Chen and others used the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) network structure and Random Forest algorithm to analyze the new media and tourism activities to revitalize intangible cultural heritage [23]. Scientists have a lot of different ways to study spatial relationships. Some examples are the SWC-WMD distances with the clustering method [34], the AHP-IEW weighting method with the Boston Matrix [35], the Thiel index for spatio-temporal analysis [18], and grey correlation analysis (GCA) [16]. Most scholars concentrate on the analysis of spatial relations, which heavily relies on the quality and availability of data. If the data quality is inadequate, the results may exhibit significant bias. In addition, innovation in methodology alone may lead to interpretations that are biased towards the technology itself. Human factors like social, cultural, and policy are often overlooked.

In terms of management and market perspectives, Siow-Kian Tan et al. explored the positive role of cultural creativity in intangible cultural heritage through the cases of Malacca and Georgetown in Malaysia [33]. Minoo Esfehani and colleagues conducted walk-in field research using ethnographic methodology, concluding that the development of tourism products plays a crucial role in the development of intangible cultural heritage [36]. This part explores the impact of market demand on cultural heritage and tourism development. However, irregular changes in local markets and consumer preferences can lead to research results limited by time and geography. It is not universally applicable. However, from the perspective of innovation and development, Lan Li examines the case study of intangible cultural heritage study tours in Jiangsu Province, China, building on the existing foundation and anticipating the development of new technology to transform the development concepts of cultural tourism [22]. However, it’s possible that the discussion’s conclusions oversimplify and lack relevance and practicality.

In summary, current scholars’ main research areas are rich in multiple perspectives, such as intangible cultural heritage preservation, technology, and policy, as well as economic management and evaluation of cultural tourism. Most of the coupling studies are still localized in spatial relationships or non-universal studies. They lack macroanalysis from a systemic perspective, with a macrodynamic coupling coordination degree analysis of both. This problem must be solved urgently in this field.

Impact of intangible cultural heritage on tourism development

Three areas—science and technology, framework models and judgment mechanisms, and cultural activities—describe the role of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) research in tourism.

Firstly, science and technology play a crucial role in ICH. This type of research aims to improve the cultural tourism experience through modern scientific and technological means while promoting the sustainable development of cultural heritage. Building an intelligent tourism platform, based on big data technology, will enhance the effect of tourism services [37]. It promotes information about rural tourism and economic development, effectively identifying and overcoming barriers to tourism Meanwhile, the application of digital and smart technologies has also enhanced the tourism experience [38], with the use of mobile digital applications to personalize the tourism experience [39]. In certain instances, these applications have been shown to improve the perception of the tourism experience in cultural destinations [40]. Specifically, Raheleh Hassannia develops hybrid recommendation systems to improve the accuracy of cultural heritage tours, especially in contexts with distractions [41]. For example, the ‘EATJOY’ application effectively revived the Japanese ‘Omotenashi’ culture [42]. Zhengyuan Zhao discovered, through a survey of 150 blue economy industry participants in the Thousand Islands, that the application of blockchain technology in the construction of smart islands attracts more tourists to experience island culture [43]. We can note that research and development of cultural technologies can essentially change the paradigm of tourism development. Technology development is, by nature, a long-term and expensive approach, but it is a highly practical area of expansion in the self-interest of regional tourism development.

The second concerns the sustainability aspects of ICH development for tourism. The specific focus is on safeguarding and promoting ICH through structured methodological design and sustainable policies. Consequently, the impact of promotion extends to tourism models, evaluation techniques, and additional elements. In essence, the uniqueness of cultural heritage and educational experiences in tourism serve as lessons for the integration and development of intangible cultural heritage and tourism, as well as the sustainable development of tourism assessment systems [44]. For instance, a model revolves around the creation of industrial tourism routes to the Silesian Voivodeship in Poland, with the aim of achieving their sustainable development [45]. In other words, some regions assess tourism through their cultural models [44]. Asta Adukaite conducted interviews with 24 participants and found out that regional cultural heritage enables a better tourism experience [46]. Specifically, the COVID-19 strategy incorporated cultural activities [47]. Conversely, we can reverse-validate policy modeling to explore the potential of intangible cultural heritage in tourism development [48]. Differently, Roberta Comunian confirms that festivals, as knowledge and networking platforms, play a key role in enhancing intangible cultural heritage and local culture [49]. All in all, the current evaluation of these strategies will incorporate tourism education, cultural festivals, and other references that are regionally specific and humanistic in nature. This approach offers a more comprehensive framework for our study.

Finally, the area that most scholars often focus on is some specific ICH program policies and the impact they have on cultural tourism. Regional cultural events and festivals, in particular, arise from the historical development of intangible cultural heritage and its impact on local tourism. Art festivals of intangible culture increase the visibility of the local culture and attract audiences to local tourism [50]. Art festivals, with the nature of regular events, activate the local cultural heritage and attract tourists [51]. Andrea Collins analyzed the ecological footprint of the 2012 Haven Literary and Arts Festival in Wales, highlighting the importance of cultural festival policy makers adopting the ecological footprint as a tool when assessing the environmental impacts of festivals [52]. Similarly, Chenxi Li found that tourism activities themed on rural cultural heritage and rural traditions enhance the attractiveness of rural tourism [53]. For instance, Danni Zheng’s study revealed that residents’ interest in the development of tourism performing arts (TPA) encouraged their participation in cultural exchange and tourism [54]. Katarzyna Grebosz-Harin confirmed that art and music festivals attract tourists seeking unique cultural experiences, specifically in terms of audience characteristics [55].

In conclusion, the creation and evaluation of policies regarding the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage can facilitate the growth of tourism, even in the face of unique or unfavorable circumstances. We note that cultural festivals have a positive impact on tourism, as increased visits to festival sites can attract more participants.

The impact of tourism development on intangible cultural heritage

Addressing the field of tourism to ICH research, scholars have mostly focused on the direct integration of tourism development and ICH research. Firstly, the majority of the research involves case discussions and theoretical framework studies, with a primary focus on case studies of conventional art exhibitions and tourism, as well as the practical integration of tourism and intangible cultural heritage. Scholars focus on how culture can become a tourism driver through art festivals and art exhibitions, enhancing the region’s. Researchers also explore the importance of art tourism as a new field of tourism research, highlighting its potential as a crucial tool for regional cultural regeneration. regeneration. It creates economic and cultural value [56]. Andrew Holden further demonstrates that tourism for artistic and cultural purposes can help preserve natural and cultural heritage [57]. Tourism aimed at natural landscapes enhances the overall cultural image of the destination, specifically in terms of form [58]. Tourism for urban purposes also serves as an important cultural showcase through urban art forms [59]. For example, arts and crafts exhibitions on the Danish island of Bornholm and large-scale art projects in Naoshima, Japan, have increased overall cultural benefits and community activity in the region [60]. Gangwei Cai confirms that the Earth Art Festival (ETAT) promotes sustainable tourism in the region and emphasizes the important value of combining art and tourism [61]. Therefore, in general, art exhibitions serve as the primary means of producing cultural images. It contributes to tourism development.

On the other hand, some scholars have investigated actual cases from a micro perspective. They demonstrated the intrinsic mechanism of tourism’s impact on intangible cultural heritage. From the perspective of cultural transmission and change, Catherine Namono discusses how digital technology has helped the Makabenge community in South Africa to preserve and disseminate its rock art heritage [62]. It improves the community’s economic and cultural well-being by increasing the attractiveness of heritage tourism and demonstrating a positive interaction between art and tourism. Stefania Skowron-Markowska discusses the Shaolin Temple and Chenjiagou Village in China as ways to maintain cultural authenticity in martial arts tourism. This can attract international tourists and establish cultural tourism [63]. Xiaoyan Su also explored the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and modern tourism needs [64]. From the perspective of community engagement and local identity, Rebecca Sheehan analyzes how artists in New Orleans have shaped their personal and social identities through tourism activities in Jackson Square. The combination of culture and tourism not only demonstrates cultural authenticity but also ensures economic development [65]. Slak Nataša summarizes artists’ “word of mouth” promotion of creative tourism, which achieves a key role in shaping the image of the destination [66]. Santosa Soewarlan mentions the practice of promoting tourism in rural Indonesia by reinventing the performing arts in collaboration with local communities [67]. Fevzi Okumus summarized the potential value of cultural elements in enhancing strategic management of tourism from the perspective of economic benefits and cultural commodification [68]. Solène Prince explores how craftspeople in rural Denmark use rural tourism to sustain their artistic careers and livelihoods. It emphasizes the importance of integrating arts and tourism to enhance a place’s economic and cultural value [69]. Danni Zheng examines the emotional responses of urban and rural Chinese residents to the development of performing arts in tourism. It noted that rural residents were more supportive of such developments, reflecting the positive impact of tourism on both cultural and economic levels [70].

The micro-cases evidently demonstrated that ICH specifically implemented tourism development to promote cultural transmission, enhance community identity, and bring economic benefits. However, there has been limited exploration of how to prevent superficiality, over-commercialization, and cultural homogenization of cultural expressions. Meanwhile, there are gaps in macro-level controls to ensure comprehensive improvements in policy, education, and community participation.

In summary, previous studies have covered social, economic, environmental, policy management, as well as tourism behavior, which has laid the theoretical foundation for this study. However, the problems of homogenization of research perspectives, fixation of disciplinary studies, and lack of systematic analysis also emerged. There is a lack of empirical data research and field research on long-term coordination mechanisms. This limits an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and impacts of the interaction between cultural heritage and cultural tourism.

Therefore, this paper, drawing from previous research, aims to investigate the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and tourism development in China. Firstly, we establish an evaluation index system for 30 provinces in China, with each province serving as the unit of analysis. Second, we looked at the territoriality, coordination degree, synergistic development process of intangible cultural heritage, and tourism development from the point of view of the coupling coordination degree. We also investigated how the degree of coupling coordination changes over time. Finally, we adopt the empirical research method and construct the PVAR model. We hope to thoroughly review the research on the coordination mechanisms of intangible cultural heritage research and tourism development.

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